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- Beowulf and the North before the Vikings
Beowulf and the North before the Vikings
by Tom Shippey
Series: Past Imperfect
136 Pages, Trim size: 4.5 x 7 in
- Paperback
- 9781802700138
- Published: August 2022
Ever since Tolkien’s famous lecture in 1936, it has been generally accepted that the poem Beowulf is a fantasy, and of no use as a witness to real history. This book challenges that view, and argues that the poem provides a plausible, detailed, and consistent vision of pre-Viking history which is most unlikely to have been the poet’s invention, and which has moreover received strong corroboration from archaeology in recent years. Using the poem as a starting point, historical, archaeological, and legendary sources are combined to form a picture of events in the North in the fifth and sixth centuries: at once a Dark and a Heroic Age, and the time of the formation of nations. Among other things, this helps answer two long-unasked questions: why did the Vikings come as such a shock? And what caused the previous 250 years of security from raiders from the sea?
Preface and Acknowledgements
Introduction: Fantasy or History?
Chapter 1: Poetry and Archaeology
Chapter 2: Old Legend, New Reality
Chapter 3: The Bigger Picture
Chapter 4: The Non-National Epic?
Further Reading
Tom Shippey has published extensively on Tolkien and on early medieval literature. His last book is Laughing Shall I Die: Lives and Deaths of the Great Vikings (2018).
Although this book examines the historical contexts of the Old English poem Beowulf from a variety of perspectives, it is directed not toward historians (although they are surely part of the book’s broader audience) but primarily toward students and scholars of Beowulf. The arguments of the book are presented in a very readable, accessible style, so it is also directed toward a general audience that is interested in either Beowulf or early Scandinavian history, or both.[...]Tolkien presented his British Academy lecture as a correction of what he saw as an over-emphasis on legendary history to the detriment of the poem as poem. Perhaps, if we are fortunate, Shippey’s book will contribute to a similar correction and return the historical dimensions of the poem to the center of our critical concerns. To this end, he explores these dimensions from as many perspectives as possible.
~Dennis Cronan, SELIM: Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature 28 (2023): 137–40
This is a short book about the poem Beowulf, aimed at demonstrating that it was composed in the context of remembered historical people and events, even if the main story is fiction. The book consists of four chapters and an introduction, written in a vigorous and readable style [...] for a nonspecialist audience. The author succeeds in establishing that perceptions of an earlier history of dynastic conflicts provided a background to the main story.
~Catherine Mary Hills, Speculum 99, no. 2 (2024): 632-33
[Shippey asks] why the poem was written in England but set in Scandinavia. Is it a piece of propaganda? An elaborate school text to teach children Old English? Most fascinating, Shippey points to families in the northeast of England, where the poem may have been written, who for generations “named their sons in memory of Geatish royals, using names which rarely if ever show up anywhere else.”
By the end of Shippey’s small book, though, the reader is so awash with his enthusiastic suppositions, his tables and dates and lineages (including the lineage of Beowulf scholars themselves, before and after Tolkien, and Shippey’s own teachers), that we are left in the mood for poetry again.
~Tim Miller, Medieval World: Culture and Conflict 11 (2024): 56
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